Jump to content

Kahurangi National Park

Coordinates: 41°08′S 172°37′E / 41.13°S 172.61°E / -41.13; 172.61
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kahurangi National Park
View towards Mt Patriarch, Wangapeka Track
Map
Interactive map of Kahurangi National Park
Nearest townTākaka
Coordinates41°08′S 172°37′E / 41.13°S 172.61°E / -41.13; 172.61
Area5,193 km2 (2,005 sq mi)
Established1996
Governing bodyDepartment of Conservation
Websitewww.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/nelson-tasman/places/kahurangi-national-park

Kahurangi National Park is a national park in the northwest of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the second largest of the thirteen national parks of New Zealand. It was gazetted in 1996 and covers 5,193 km2 (2,005 sq mi), ranging from the Buller River near Murchison in the south, to the base of Farewell Spit in Golden Bay in the north. The park has no single dominant landform, but includes an unusually wide variety of landscapes, including mountain ranges, rivers, gorges, raised peneplains and karst features such as caves and arches. Many of the landforms within the park are considered to be nationally or internationally significant.

Its geology is complex, and is the most diverse of any of New Zealand's protected areas. It includes the best sequence of palaezoic rocks in the country. The complexity of these rock formations suggest that they result from the collision of three former continents. Kahurangi National Park also contains 80% of all New Zealand's alpine species. It also contains around 18 endemic bird species.

The park includes the Heaphy Track, a popular tramping and mountain biking track that is classified as one of New Zealand's Great Walks. Another multi-day tramping track in the park is the Wangapeka Track. In addition to tramping, rafting and caving are popular activities. Several locations in the national park were used during the making of The Lord of the Rings film series.

The park is managed by the Department of Conservation. Much of what was the North-west Nelson Forest Park formed the basis of the new park. Kahurangi Point, regarded as the boundary between the West Coast and Tasman Regions, is located in the park, as is Mount Owen.

History

[edit]

Use by Māori

[edit]

There is archaeological evidence that Māori had settled the Kahurangi coastline from around 1380 CE, with pā sites on coastal ridges and evidence of more substantial habitation found around several of the river mouths and estuaries in the area.

The Anaweka waka found near the park's western boundary was built as early as 1226 CE, and was sailed as late as 1400 CE.[1][2] It is one of only two-long distance voyaging canoes known to have survived to modern times, and was probably used for return journeys from New Zealand back to the Pacific. The mouth of the Anaweka River, where the waka was discovered, supported many settlements.[3]

The area had an abundance of food resources, with middens from a site near the mouth of the Whakapoāi (Heaphy River) showing evidence of local Māori hunting bush moa, kekeno, and kurī.[4]: 30–31  Excavation of the same site also demonstrated connections to trade routes running throughout New Zealand, with pounamu from the Arahura region and obsidian from Mayor Island / Tūhua in the Bay of Plenty both being used in the area.[5] Māori interaction with the inland areas of the region was generally less common. Outside of frequently used trade routes connecting the top of the South Island to the West Coast, this was typically limited to seasonal hunting expeditions rather than the more permanent habitation along the coast.[4]: 31 

For much of the region's history, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri were mana whenua (held authority in) the region, having arrived in the early 1600s from the western North Island by way of the Marlborough Sounds and successfully displaced local Māori.[6] This dominance of the region lasted for roughly 200 years, until other iwi began to encroach on the area in the early 1800s. Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri eventually succumbed to invasions by Ngāti Apa from the Kāpiti Coast to the northeast, Ngāti Kuia from the east, and Ngāi Tahu from the south, losing a decisive battle to the latter near Whanganui Inlet.[4]: 31 [6] Mana whenua status in the area was contested for much of the early 19th century, eventually settling with Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui, Ngāti Rārua and Ngāti Tama having authority in the Tasman region and Ngāi Tahu controlling from Kahurangi Point south.[4]: 31 

Early Pākehā history

[edit]

Early Europeans to visit the area were sealers. The seal colonies along the Kahurangi coast were almost exterminated within two decades. The establishment of the New Zealand Company’s settlement at Nelson in 1841 led to exploitation of timber, flax and coal resources in the region.[5]

One of the early European settlers to discover the tablelands in the Mount Arthur area was Thomas Salisbury. He wrote to The Colonist in 1863, claiming to have discovered gold in stream beds in the tableland,[7] and this led to a gold rush to the area. His brother John grazed sheep in the area in 1875.[8]

The special character of flora and fauna in the region was recognised prior to 1920. One particular example is the Gouland Downs, an area with unusual geology and vegetation, situated at around 600 m (2,000 ft) elevation to the west of Mt Perry.[9] The Gouland Downs was one of eleven sanctuaries designated by the Department of Internal Affairs in the year ending 31 March 1916.[10] In 1918, the Department of Lands and Survey reported that 16,000 acres (6,500 ha) of Crown land, including the Gouland Downs, had been reserved under the Scenery Preservation Act 1903. The protected area was reported to be rare and valuable, and included the habitat of kākāpō, kiwi, weka, and other native birds.[11]

In 1970, approximately 360,000 ha (890,000 acres) of land were gazetted as the North-west Nelson Forest Park as part of the amalgamation of eight forest parks in the region, under the management of the New Zealand Forest Service. At the time, many of the tracks in the park were overgrown. The Forest Service started on a programme of work to promote recreation in the park, including cutting new tracks and building huts.[12][13]

Park establishment

[edit]

An environmental lobby group, the Maruia Society, advocated for the establishment of a new national park in the area from the 1980s. In 1987, the management of the North West Nelson Forest Park was transferred to the newly formed Department of Conservation.[14] The following year, an area of 86,946 ha (214,850 acres) within the Forest Park was designated as the Tasman Wilderness Area under the National Parks Act 1980 section 14, as an important step towards the formation of a new national park.[5][15][16]

Although the area does not have the iconic geographic features of previously established New Zealand national parks, at the time of its creation there was increasing interest in protecting biodiversity and geodiversity.[17] Creation of a new national park was recommended by the Conservation Authority in 1993, but the Kahurangi National Park was not established until 1996. The new park was based largely on the area that had previously been the North West Nelson Forest Park, along with the Tasman Wilderness Area.[13] At the time of approval, the new national park was the 13th national park to be established in New Zealand, and protected 452,000 ha (1,120,000 acres) of land. In his announcement about the establishment of the park, the Minister of Conservation, Denis Marshall said: "It consists of extensive areas of native forest and limestone and marble landscape which has international significance".[18]

For the official opening, a ministerial party led by the prime minister, Jim Bolger, Denis Marshall, and Nick Smith (MP for the Tasman electorate) was flown by helicopter to Balloon Hut, south of the Cobb Reservoir. From there, they walked out via Flora Hut.[19][20]

Five small parcels consisting of unmodified coastal areas and forest with high conservation values totalling 900 ha (2,200 acres) were added to the park in 2016.[21]

Proposed World Heritage Site

[edit]

In 2007, Kahurangi National Park was added to the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, along with Farewell Spit and the Canaan karst system.[22][23]

Addition of Mōkihinui River catchment

[edit]

The Mōkihinui River is a river on the West Coast about 40 kilometres north of Westport.[24] The river catchment area is a largely unmodified landscape of open tussock, podocarp-beech forests, and the pristine river itself. The area was highly rated for its biodiversity values, but prior to 2019, it was classified as stewardship land − the lowest level of protection for publicly-owned conservation land.[25][26] In 2007, Meridian Energy had proposed to build the Mokihinui Hydro project on the river. The project was controversial and in May 2012 it was cancelled.[27]

In 2019, 64,400 ha (159,000 acres) of land in the Mōkihinui River catchment, including 15 km (9.3 mi) of river bed, were added to Kahurangi National Park. The addition increased the size of the park by 14%. The area added to the park includes part of the route of the Old Ghost Road, a 85-kilometre (53 mi) mountain biking and hiking trail that follows a historic gold miners' route.[26]

The significance of the Mokihinui region to the Ngāi Tahu iwi and Ngāti Waewae, the rūnanga for the area, was marked with the placement of a pouwhenua in July 2019.[28]

Geography

[edit]

Kahurangi is New Zealand's second-largest national park, with an area of 5,193 km2 (2,005 sq mi).[29] It covers most of the north-west corner of the South Island, and extends from the Buller River near Murchison in the south, to the base of Farewell Spit in Golden Bay in the north.[30]

The park has no single dominant landform, but includes an unusually wide variety of landscapes, including mountain ranges, rivers, gorges, raised peneplains and karst features such as caves and arches. Many of the landforms within the park are considered to be nationally or internationally significant.[4]: 63–64 

Landforms

[edit]

Coastline

[edit]
Dense grove of nīkau palms – Heaphy Track

The western boundary of the park follows the route of the Heaphy Track along the coast from just south of the Kōhaihai River past Scotts Beach and north to the mouth of the Heaphy River. The route of the Heaphy Track then moves inland, but the park boundary carries on along the coastline to just past Kahurangi Point. This northern section of coastline is known for its steep cliffs.[4]: 18 

The boundary of the park extends to mean high water springs, so does not include beaches below the high tide mark. The entire coastline from Kōhaihai to Kahurangi Point is considered nationally significant because it is almost totally unmodified, and includes a narrow strip of highly diverse coastal forest, including nīkau palms.[4]: 24  The nīkau palms are New Zealand's only native species in the palm family, and the section of coastline north of Kōhaihai is one of the easiest places to see large groves.[31] The grove close to the Kohaihai end of the Heaphy Track is claimed to be the largest in the South Island.[32]

The Kahurangi Marine Reserve is not part of the national park but is immediately adjacent to its western coastline. It extends along 16 km (9.9 mi) between Wekakura Point and Crayfish Point, and 5 km (3.1 mi) out to sea. It is one of the largest marine reserves around the North or South Islands.[33] The northern end of the coast is a habitat for fur seals (Kekeno) and Hector's dolphins, and driftwood along the coast is a habitat for animals like earwigs, sandhoppers and spiders. Rocky reefs and seastacks provide a habitat for encrusting animals, invertebrates and inshore fish that thrive in murky waters.[34]

Gouland Downs

[edit]
Forest covered outcrop in Gouland Downs

The Gouland Downs is a tussock-covered basin at around 600 m (2,000 ft) elevation, surrounded by forest. It occupies an area of around 6,500 ha (16,000 acres).[35] The area has unusual flora and fauna and was first declared as a sanctuary in 1915.[36]

This area is a peneplain, a low-relief plain formed from prolonged erosion. Beneath the tussock in the Gouland Downs are sandstone and mudstone sedimentary rocks that were formed in the Lower Palaeozoic era around 400 to 500 million years ago. They are some of the oldest rocks in New Zealand. These rocks were worn down by erosion to form the peneplain around 100 million years ago. They were then submerged beneath a shallow sea, and limestone was deposited on top of the older sedimentary rocks. The land was subsequently uplifted, and erosion removed most of the limestone, leaving isolated outcrops that now appear like tree-covered islands in the tussock landscape. The remaining areas of the Gouland Downs have shallow and infertile soil where the only plants that thrive are tussocks and rushes.[37][38]: 183 

Cobb Valley

[edit]

The Cobb region is a montane catchment on argillite, ancient volcanics, and ultramafics. It supports beech and conifer-beech forests, valley floor scrub and tussock-grasslands, and sub-alpine grasslands. The region includes several alpine lakes and the Cobb Reservoir – a hydro-electric storage lake that is entirely surrounded by the national park.[39]

Mount Arthur tablelands

[edit]
The park hosts a large variety of animals and plants unique to this geographical location, including the Grass Tablelands seen here.

The tablelands to the west of Mount Arthur are a rolling landscape of tussock and karst features at an elevation of around 1,200 m (3,900 ft). The area is surrounded by the peaks of Mount Lodestone (1,462 m), Mount Arthur (1,795 m) and Mount Peel (1,654 m).[40]

Ōpārara Basin

[edit]
Main article: Ōpārara Basin
Moria Gate arch in Ōpārara Basin, Kahurangi National Park
Moria Gate arch in Ōpārara Basin, Kahurangi National Park

The Ōpārara Basin is a basin at around 200 m (660 ft) elevation that is covered in dense forest and drained by the Ōpārara River. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Karamea. The basin is notable for a network of caves rich in fossils, and its large natural rock arches. Ōpārara Arch is New Zealand’s largest natural arch, at 200 m (660 ft) in length and 37 m (121 ft) in height.[41] The area is considered as one of the most outstanding examples of limestone karst landscapes in New Zealand.[42][43] There are multiple short walks in the area that are popular with visitors.[44]

The Honeycomb Hill Cave area in the basin was discovered in 1976, and in 1982 was given the status of a site of global significance in paleozoology due to discoveries of bones of several species that had become extinct. In 1984, the first systematic discovery campaign led to finds of the bones of fifty birds, most of which were extinct species. In 2008, an area of 38 ha (94 acres) was designated as the Honeycomb Hill Caves Specially Protected Area. Access to this area is restricted and by permit only.[45]

Tasman Wilderness Area

[edit]

The Tasman Wilderness Area is protected as a wilderness area under the National Parks Act 1980 section 14. The Tasman Wilderness covers 86,946 ha (214,850 acres) within Kahurangi National Park. It is located in the central and western areas of the park, inland of the Ōpārara Basin and to the south of the route of the Heaphy Track. The centre of the wilderness area is Lake Aorere adjacent to Mount Domett (elevation 1,645 m (5,397 ft). The wilderness area includes the catchments of the Roaring Lion, Spey, Burgoo, Beautiful, and Ugly rivers, among others. It takes around a week to traverse the wilderness area in any direction.[5] Tracks, facilities and the use of vehicles are prohibited, in accordance with its status as a wilderness.[4]: 100 

Climate

[edit]

The weather in Kahurangi National Park is very changeable, especially at high altitudes. After heavy rainfall many rivers and streams become impassable. In winter, heavy snowfalls may occur at higher altitudes. For the Heaphy Track, in January and February, the average daily high temperature is between 21 °C (70 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) with lows between 10 °C (50 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F). July is the coldest month, with average daily high of 13 °C (55 °F) and lows of 1 °C (34 °F).[46]

The average annual rainfall at Karamea, at the western boundary of the park is around 2,400 mm (94 in) but at sites with western exposure and at higher elevations, the annual rainfall can reach 6,000 mm (240 in).[47] However, on the eastern side of the park, the climate is typically drier. In prevailing westerly conditions, moisture-laden air from the Tasman Sea is forced to rise over the high elevations of the western ranges. As the air rises, it cools and the stored water vapour condenses to form rain. This is known as orographic precipitation. As the airstream continues to the east beyond the mountains, it holds much less moisture, leading to reduced annual rainfall in the east. The effect can be seen in the west to east progression of average annual rainfall in towns to the north of the park boundary, with Collingwood having 3,371 mm (132.7 in), Tākaka having 2,012 mm (79.2 in), and Motueka 1,341 mm (52.8 in).[48]

Rivers

[edit]
See also: Category:Rivers of Kahurangi National Park

The park receives high annual rainfall, with the average annual rainfall in many areas exceeding 4,800 mm (190 in). Rainfall intensity can exceed 240 mm (9.4 in) in 24 hours, over much of the park. The high annual rainfall and high intensity, combined with the complex landforms and mountainous terrain creates a large number of steep rivers with the potential to cause significant flooding of low-lying land in the flood plains surrounding the park.[49]

The Karamea River drains to the Tasman Sea through the Ōtūmahana Estuary at Karamea, and is the largest river in the park. It has a catchment area of 1,210 km2 (470 sq mi) including its tributaries that represents around 23% of the entire area of Kahurangi National Park.[50] Another major river draining the western areas of the park is the Mōkihinui, with a total catchment area of approximately 750 km2 (290 sq mi) of which 685 km2 (264 sq mi) is in the park, upstream of Seddonville.[51]

The Aorere River and its tributaries have a catchment area of 573 km2 (221 sq mi) draining the Haupiri and Wakamarama ranges in the north of the park. The river flows northwards for 40 km (25 mi) into Golden Bay at the town of Collingwood.[52][53] The Wangapeka River drains eastern regions of the park, and has a catchment area of 479 km2 (185 sq mi).[54]

Fossil records

[edit]

The oldest fossils ever found in New Zealand were identified during an expedition in 1948 in the Cobb Valley at a site that is now within Kahurangi National Park. The fossils were identified as trilobites from the Cambrian (542–490 Ma), the first period of the paleozoic era.[55] A tramping hut near to the location of the find is known as Trilobite Hut.[56][57]

Fossils of takahē have been found at Mt Arthur and in the Euphrates Cave on the Garibaldi Plateau.[58] The Euphrates Cave skull supports "the hypothesis that takahē were widespread across the South Island's subalpine habitats and lowland areas at the time of human arrival in New Zealand".[58]

Geology

[edit]

The geology of Kahurangi National Park is complex, and is the most diverse of any of New Zealand's protected areas. It includes the best sequence of palaezoic rocks in the country. The complexity of these rock formations suggest that they result from the collision of three former continents.[4]: 18 

Limestone landforms

[edit]

The park has extensive limestone and marble formations, natural arches, sinkholes and bluffs.[59] It also includes three of New Zealand's largest cave systems.[60][61] The Ellis Basin cave system is the deepest known cave in New Zealand. It has been explored to a depth of 1,024 metres, and its 33.4 kilometres of cave passages make it New Zealand's second longest.[62]

Ecology

[edit]

Kahurangi National Park is known for its biodiversity. A metaphor used in describing the park is that it is a "tectonic ark" that separated from Gondwana around 80 million years ago.[63]: 21  There is a particularly high rate of endemism for both flora and fauna, with many notable species that are not found elsewhere. The high level of endemism has arisen as a result of complex biogeographic processes, and indicates that during the Pleistocene ice ages, the area was an important refuge.[4]: 26 

Flora

[edit]
Dracophyllum traversii in the park

The complex geology and landforms have allowed unique plant communities to develop in localised environments, leading to a high rate of endemism.[63]: 21  The park has exceptional botanical diversity. New Zealand has around 2,400 species of native plants, and over half of these are found in the park, including 67 that are endemic – found nowhere else. The range of species present in the park far exceeds the diversity of native plants in any other New Zealand National Park. Further, Kahurangi National Park has 80% of all New Zealand's alpine species.[64]: 147 [63]: 19 

Notable plants that are endemic to Kahurangi National Park or the immediately adjacent region include:[63]: 13–14 [65][66]

Fauna

[edit]
A kererū in Flora Valley (2006)

The fauna of the park includes around 18 endemic bird species including some classified as endangered such as the rock wren, kea, blue duck (whio), and species such as the great spotted kiwi and kākā (both classified as vulnerable). Other native birds that can be found in the park include pipit, kererū, the New Zealand falcon, weka, robin, fantail, bellbird, grey warbler, tūī, tomtit, rifleman, fernbird and brown creeper. In addition to the whio, freshwater birds that are found in wetlands and waterways in the park include the Australasian bittern (classified as vulnerable), and the New Zealand scaup.[102][4]: 26  [64]: 147 

The park is also a key habitat for powelliphanta, a group of carnivorous native land snails. Of the 64 known species of powelliphanta, 29 are endemic — found only in Kahurangi National Park.[4]: 27 

Both of New Zealand's only native land mammals, the short-tailed bat (pekapeka) and the long-tailed bat (pekapeka tou-roa) have been identified in the park.[4]: 26  A new species of skink, Oligosoma kahurangi was identified in 2021. It was found in slate scree in montane tussock grassland. It has been classified as Threatened − Nationally Critical.[103]

There is a wide diversity of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates in the park, and many of these are endemic, such as the Mt Arthur giant wētā.[4]: 26  The extensive areas of karst and multiple cave systems within the park provided habitat for cave dwelling species. One notable example is the Nelson cave spider Spelungula, a monotypic genus of large-clawed spiders that has only been found in caves in the northwestern part of the South Island.[4]: 27 

A new species of flightless cricket was discovered in the park in 2023.[104]

Opacuincola gretathunbergae, a species of freshwater snail that was discovered in the park in 2016 was named after the activist Greta Thunberg.[105][106]

Conservation and human interaction

[edit]

Conservation programmes

[edit]

Ecosystem Management Units

[edit]

The Department of Conservation has defined a large number of Ecosystem Management Units (EMU) across New Zealand. These are areas that have been selected for priority attention, based on the ecosystems and species they contain.[107] The EMU areas within Kahurangi National Park are:[39]

  • Aorere River
  • Big River − MacKay − Gouland Downs
  • Break Creek pakihi
  • Cobb
  • Devil − Anatoki Ranges
  • Grange − Morgan − Grindley tops
  • Heaphy
  • Hope Range
  • Leslie
  • Matiri Plateau
  • Mokihinui
  • Mokihinui Gorge
  • Mount Owen
  • Ōpārara
  • Wharepapa / Arthur Range

Pest control

[edit]

As part of the Department of Conservation's national pest control programme, aerial drops of 1080 poison are used to control rats in the park as a means of protecting native species. The use of 1080 has been controversial.[108]

Flora Stream catchment recovery

[edit]

The Friends of Flora is a conservation volunteer group established in 2001 to help "bring about the protection and/or return of endangered and threatened flora and fauna to the Flora Stream catchment area".[109] As of 2024, the society has approximately 68 km (42 mi) of trap lines to control stoats, protecting around 5,000 ha (12,000 acres) of beech forest and tussockland habitat. The society is focussed on the recovery of whio (blue duck) in the Flora Stream catchment, and the re-introduction of Great spotted kiwi.[110][111] A wasp eradication programme is in place, and bird monitoring is also part of the society's programme.[112]

Ōpārara catchment recovery

[edit]

The Ōpārara Source to Sea project was created in 2014 by a group of Karamea locals. In 2023, the project received funding from Lottery Environment and Heritage fund and the Department of Conservation’s Community Conservation Fund to support their work in weed control, predator monitoring, and planting throughout the Ōpārara estuary and catchment over the next three years.[113]

Takahē recovery

[edit]

Endangered takahē were reintroduced to the park in 2018, with the release of 18 birds into the Gouland Downs. This was 100 years after takahē became extinct there.[114] The following year, the population had grown to 31, and further releases were planned.[115] There was a set-back in 2020 when 11 birds died. Some may have been poisoned during an aerial drop of 1080 to control predators. In 2021, another 15 young takahē were translocated into the Gouland Downs area.[116]

Whio (Blue duck) recovery

[edit]

Conservation initiatives for whio (blue duck) in the park have resulted in a large increase in their numbers since 1998–2000 when surveys of the population were first conducted. As of 2023, there are 846 adult birds, including 335 breeding pairs. This is a 340% increase on numbers found in 2000.[117] Areas of focus for whio conservation within the park include "recovery sites" at the Gouland Downs, Pearse River and Flora Stream, and high priority "security" sites at Ōpārara River and the Wangapeka and Fyffe rivers.[118]

Access

[edit]

The main gateway towns for access to Kahurangi National Park are Tākaka, Motueka, Karamea, Tapawera and Murchison.[119] The main Department of Conservation visitor centre for the region is located in Nelson, but the towns adjacent to Kahurangi National Park also have local information centres.[120]

The access road to the Cobb Reservoir is the only road into the interior of the national park.[121]

Activities

[edit]

Popular activities in Kahurangi National Park include tramping, mountain biking, rafting and caving.

Heaphy Track

[edit]
Main article: Heaphy Track

The Heaphy Track is a popular tramping and mountain biking track in Kahurangi National Park, classified as one of New Zealand's ten Great Walks. Named after Charles Heaphy, the track is 78.4 kilometres (48.7 mi) long and is usually walked in four or five days. The track is open for shared use with mountain bikers in the winter season from 1 May to 30 September each year. The southern end of the track is at Kōhaihai, north of Karamea on the northern West Coast, and the northern end is in the upper valley of the Aorere River southwest of Collingwood.[122]

Wangapeka Track

[edit]
Main article: Wangapeka Track

The Wangapeka Track is another of the main tramping tracks in the Kahurangi National Park. The route traverses the southern end of the park, from the historic Wangapeka goldfields area west of Tapawera, to the coastal plains of the West Coast at Little Wanganui. The route is 59 km (37 mi) long, and crosses the Wangapeka and Little Wanganui saddles, each over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation. The track passes through the valleys of the Wangapeka River, Karamea River, Taipō River and Little Wanganui River. The majority of the track is in river valleys and under forest cover, with small sections in tussock land at Stag Flat and the Little Wanganui Saddle. It typically takes walkers 4–6 days to complete the route.[123]

Old Ghost Road

[edit]
Main article: Old Ghost Road

The Old Ghost Road is an 85 km (53 mi) long mountain bike and tramping trail that was part-funded as one of the projects of the New Zealand Cycle Trail initiative. The trailheads are the Lyell Historic Reserve on State Highway 6 in the Upper Buller Gorge, and the Rough and Tumble Bush Lodge, located 4 km (2.5 mi) from Seddonville, northwest of Westport on the West Coast. In 2019, 64,400 ha (159,000 acres) of conservation stewardship land in the Mōkihinui River catchment was added to Kahurangi National Park, including much of the route of the Old Ghost Road trail.[26][124][125]

Caving

[edit]

Kahurangi National Park is one of the top three locations for caving in New Zealand, and as of 2024, it has the longest and deepest known cave systems in the country.[126] Bulmer Cavern is New Zealand's longest cave system, running for 74.3 km (46.2 mi) in the Mount Owen region.[126] In 2014, a link was found between the Nettlebed and Stormy Pot caves in the Mount Arthur region of the park, creating a system that was around 10 km (6.2 mi) long and 1,200 m (3,900 ft) deep, and the deepest in New Zealand.[127][128] At the time of discovery, it was claimed to be the deepest cave in the Southern Hemisphere.[129]

River rafting

[edit]

The Karamea River is a highly rated wilderness river for rafting expeditions. A 30 km (19 mi) rafting journey is possible over three days, passing through Grade 3 rapids in the upper reaches to Grade 5 rapids in the Karamea Gorge.[130][131]

Lake Sylvester during the sunrise in Kahurangi
[edit]

Several locations in Kahurangi National Park were used during the making of the Lord of the Rings film series, including Mount Owen and Mount Olympus. Tolkien tourism has created a demand for helicopter access for visiting these locations. Restrictions on helicopter access are in place to help preserve natural and recreation values.[4]: 123 

Kahurangi National Park is the setting for a young adult novel Night Tribe, written by Peter Butler, a Nelson-based entrepreneur and author.[132]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hindmarsh, Gerard. "What's happening with the Anaweka Waka?". www.stuff.co.nz. Stuff. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  2. ^ Chitham, Karl; Māhina-Tuai, Kolokesa U.; Skinner, Damian Hugh, eds. (1 January 2019). Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the wider Moana Oceania. pp. 30–31.
  3. ^ Johns, Dilys A.; Irwin, Geoffrey J.; Sung, Yun K. (14 October 2014). "An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand's coast". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (41): 14728–14733. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11114728J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1408491111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4205625. PMID 25267657.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Kahurangi National Park Management Plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d Hindmarsh, Gerard (July–September 1995). "Kahurangi: our newest national park". New Zealand Geographic (27). Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b Mitchell, John; Mitchell, Hilary (April 2020). "Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri". The Prow: Ngā Kōrero o te Tau Ihu. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Nelson, Friday March 27, 1863". Colonist, Nelson. 27 March 1863. p. 2. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024 – via Papers Past.
  8. ^ "Tableland Circuit – Kahurangi National Park". Nelson Trails. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  9. ^ Druce, A.P.; Simpson, M.J.A. (1974). "Flora of Gouland Downs, Mt Goul and Mt Perry, N. W. Nelson". Wellington Botanical Society Bulletin. 38 (6): 24. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Department of Internal Affairs (Annual Report of the) for the year ended the 31 March 1916". Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 1916 Session I (H-22): 7. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024 – via Papers Past.
  11. ^ "Department of Lands and Survey: Scenery-Preservation. Report for the year ended 31st March 1918; together with Statement of Accounts and Schedule of Lands Acquired and Reserved during the year under the Scenery Preservation Act". Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 1918 Session I-II (C-06): 1. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024 – via Papers Past.
  12. ^ "New forest park". The Press. 17 September 1970. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022 – via Papers Past.
  13. ^ a b Walrond, Carl (7 September 2010). "Nelson places – North-west Nelson". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  14. ^ Barnett, Shaun (19 January 2013). "Ranger's legacy of comfort". Nelson Mail. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022 – via PressReader.
  15. ^ Barnett, Shaun (23 April 2017). "Timeline Wilderness Protection". Wilderlife. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Protected Areas". LINZ Data Service. Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  17. ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (24 September 2007). "National parks – Upper South Island parks". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  18. ^ Taylor, Alice (10 April 1996). "Kahurangi National Park NZ's biggest". Evening Post. ProQuest 314453189.
  19. ^ "Balloon Hut". Backcountry Trust. 7 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  20. ^ Smith, Nick (10 June 2021). "Valedictory Statements". New Zealand Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  21. ^ "Pristine extras added to Kahurangi National Park". The Southland Times. 23 July 2016. pp. A.4. ProQuest 1806114212.
  22. ^ Murdoch, Helen (16 May 2007). "NZ to seek world heritage listings". The Press. ProQuest 314845004.
  23. ^ "Kahurangi National Park, Farewell Spit and Canaan karst system". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  24. ^ "Place name detail: Kahurangi National Park". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
  25. ^ "NZCA's advice on the Kahurangi National Park proposed addition of the Mokihinui River Catchment". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  26. ^ a b c Mitchell, Charlie (13 March 2019). "Kahurangi National Park to expand by area half the size of Auckland". Stuff. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  27. ^ Sage, Eugenie. Addition to Kahurangi National Park (video). Department of Conservation. Event occurs at 0:18. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. In 2012 after a strong public campaign, the hydro scheme was dropped.
  28. ^ "Ngāti Waewae represented by pou whenua in Kahurangi National Park". Stuff. 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  29. ^ "Protected Areas – Kahurangi National Park". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  30. ^ "Kahurangi National Park Information Guide". NelsonTasman.NZ. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Nīkau palm". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  32. ^ Hunt, Roy (September–October 2003). "Nikau: the Kiwi palm". New Zealand Geographic (65). Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  33. ^ "Kahurangi Marine Reserve". aa.co.nz. Automobile Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  34. ^ "Kahurangi Marine Reserve". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  35. ^ Druce, A.P.; Simpson, M.J.A. (1979). "Plants of the Gouland Downs and Perry Pass". New Zealand Forest Service. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via Scion Digital Library.
  36. ^ Gavalas, Marios (20 September 2018). "Heaps to see on the Heaphy". Wilderness Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  37. ^ Barnett, Shaun (September–October 2016). "Heaphy Track". New Zealand Geographic (141). Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  38. ^ Petyt, Chris (2012). The Heaphy Track. Nelson: Nikau Press. ISBN 978-0-9582898-4-9. Wikidata Q113267899.
  39. ^ a b "DOC Ecosystem Management Units". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  40. ^ Stephens, Joy (2021). "Mount Arthur and the Tableland". www.theprow.org.nz. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  41. ^ "Nature rules supreme". Wanganui Chronicle. 13 September 2023. pp. A.34. ProQuest 2863860833.
  42. ^ McMahon, Brendon (24 April 2023). "DOC revises Oparara plans again". Stuff. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  43. ^ Naish, Joanne (22 November 2023). "$7.8m upgrade to Karamea's Ōparara Basin complete". www.thepress.co.nz. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  44. ^ "7 Amazing Oparara Basin Walks". NZ Pocket Guide. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  45. ^ "National Parks gain ground". press release. New Zealand Government. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  46. ^ "Heaphy Track Weather Guide for Hikers – New Zealand Trails". newzealandtrails.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  47. ^ Macara, G. R. (2016). "The climate and weather of West Coast" (PDF). NIWA Science and Technology Series (72) (2nd ed.). NIWA. ISSN 1173-0382. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  48. ^ Macara, G. R. (2016). "The climate and weather of Nelson and Tasman" (PDF). NIWA Science and Technology Series (71) (2nd ed.). NIWA. ISSN 1173-0382. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  49. ^ Benn, J.L. (1990). A Chronology of Flooding on the West Coast, South Island, New Zealand, 1846–1990 (PDF). West Coast Regional Council. ISBN 0-908885-00-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  50. ^ "West Coast region: Surface Water Zone: Karamea". Land, Air, Water Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  51. ^ "Statement of Evidence of Paul Worthing Williams for Director-General of Conservation" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 13 May 2012. p. 12. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  52. ^ "Aorere at Devils Boots". Tasman District Council. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  53. ^ "Aorere River". nzfishing.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  54. ^ "Wangapeka at Walter Peak". Tasman District Council. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  55. ^ Mason, Alan; Watters, Bill (1999). "The Discovery of the New Zealand Cambrian" (PDF). Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter (118): 15–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  56. ^ "14-year-old finds New Zealand's oldest fossils". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  57. ^ Campbell, Hamish (12 June 2006). "Trilobite hut". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  58. ^ a b Boast, Alexander P. (2019). "A Holocene fossil South Island takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) in a high-altitude north-west Nelson cave". Notornis. 66: 34–36. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  59. ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (24 September 2007). "National parks – Upper South Island parks". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  60. ^ Frankham, James (March–April 2013). "What Lies Beneath". New Zealand Geographic (120). Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  61. ^ Hindmarsh, Gerard (July–September 1995). "Kahurangi: our newest national park". New Zealand Geographic (27). Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  62. ^ Andrew Board (13 April 2010). "Historic discovery by NZ cavers". Nelson Mail. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  63. ^ a b c d Gerard Hindmarsh (2010). Kahurangi Calling. Nelson: Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-1-877517-19-8. OL 24499841M. Wikidata Q124288727.
  64. ^ a b Salisbury, Ray (2020). Tableland: the history behind Mt Arthur, Kahurangi National Park. Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-1-98-855022-0. Wikidata Q124260081.
  65. ^ Toy, Sandy (1 August 2016). Biodiversity treasures of the Flora: A stocktake of the ecological values of the Salisbury Ecological Management Unit and the threats they face (Report).
  66. ^ Williams, Peter Arthur (1998). "The flora endemic to western Nelson". New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter. 53: 9–13.
  67. ^ Williams, P. A. (1 January 1993). "The subalpine and alpine vegetation on the Central Sedimentary Belt of Paleozoic rocks in north-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 31 (1): 65–90. Bibcode:1993NZJB...31...65W. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1993.10419535.
  68. ^ Comte, J. R. Le (1979). "Aciphylla trifoliolata rediscovered". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 17 (2): 219–220. Bibcode:1979NZJB...17..219L. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1979.10426891. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  69. ^ "Brachyglottis hectorii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  70. ^ Moore, Lucy Beatrice (1964). "The New Zealand Species of Bulbinella (Liliaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 2 (3): 286–304. Bibcode:1964NZJB....2..286M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1964.10443948.
  71. ^ a b Ford, K. A. (December 2007). "Carex (Cyperaceae)—two new species from the calcareous mountains of North-West Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 45 (4): 721–730. Bibcode:2007NZJB...45..721F. doi:10.1080/00288250709509747.
  72. ^ Heenan, P. B.; Lange, P. J. de (1997). "Carex dolomitica (Cyperaceae), a new and rare species from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35 (4): 423–428. Bibcode:1997NZJB...35..423H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410166.
  73. ^ Ford, Kerry (December 1998). "Carex impexa (Cyperaceae), a newly described sedge from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 36 (4): 587–592. Bibcode:1998NZJB...36..587F. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512596.
  74. ^ "Celmisia dallii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  75. ^ Given, David R. (1980). "A taxonomic revision of Celmisia coriacea (Forst.f.) Hook.f. and its immediate allies (Astereae-Compositae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 18 (1): 127–140. Bibcode:1980NZJB...18..127G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427239.
  76. ^ "Celmisia gibbsii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  77. ^ "Celmisia parva". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  78. ^ Saldivia, Patricio; Nicol, Duncan Alastair (2023). "An overview of Celmisiinae (Astereae): A diverse endemic Australasian lineage". Capitulum. 3 (1). doi:10.53875/CAPITULUM.03.1.01.
  79. ^ Given, David (1969). "Taxonomic notes on the genus Celmisia (Compositae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 7 (4): 389–399. Bibcode:1969NZJB....7..389.. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1969.10428853.
  80. ^ Sneddon, Barry (1 September 1975). "A New Clematis From North-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 13 (3): 557–565. Bibcode:1975NZJB...13..557S. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1975.10430342.
  81. ^ Sneddon, Barry (1999). "The taxonomy and breeding system of Colobanthus squarrosus (Caryophyllaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (2): 195–204. Bibcode:1999NZJB...37..195S. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512627.
  82. ^ Moore, Lucy Beatrice; Mason, Ruth (1 March 1974). "Coprosma talbrockiei sp. nov. and allied creeping species (Rubiaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 12 (1): 137–148. Bibcode:1974NZJB...12..137M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1974.10428630. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  83. ^ a b Venter, Fanie (March 2002). "Dracophyllum marmoricola and Dracophyllum ophioliticum (Ericaceae), two new species from north-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40 (1): 39–47. Bibcode:2002NZJB...40...39V. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512769.
  84. ^ Brockie, W. B. (March 1965). "A new species of Epilobium". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 3 (1): 24–26. Bibcode:1965NZJB....3...24B. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1965.10428710. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  85. ^ Glenny, David (2009). "A revision of the genus Forsterna (Stylidiaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 47 (3): 285–315. Bibcode:2009NZJB...47..285G. doi:10.1080/00288250909509811.
  86. ^ a b c Glenny, David (August 2004). "A revision of the genus Gentianella in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 42 (3): 361–530. Bibcode:2004NZJB...42..361G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512910.
  87. ^ Glenny, David (2004). "A revision of the genus Gentianella in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 42 (3): 361–530. Bibcode:2004NZJB...42..361G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512910.
  88. ^ Lloyd, David (1972). "A revision of the New Zealand, Subantarctic, and South American species of Cotula, Section Leptinella". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 10 (2): 277–372. Bibcode:1972NZJB...10..277L. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1972.10429156.
  89. ^ Heenan, Peter Brian (June 1999). "A taxonomic revision of Neopaxia Ö.Nilss. (Portulacaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (2): 213–234. Bibcode:1999NZJB...37..213H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512629.
  90. ^ "Myosotis angustata". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  91. ^ Meudt, Heidi (January 2021). "Taxonomic revision of five species groups of ebracteate-erect Myosotis (Boraginaceae) endemic to New Zealand, based on morphology, and description of new subspecies". Australian Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 252–304. doi:10.1071/SB20028.
  92. ^ a b "Rare forget-me-nots discovered in the mountains of the South Island". Te Papa’s Blog. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  93. ^ Meudt, Heidi (1 January 2021). "Taxonomic revision of five species groups of ebracteate-erect Myosotis (Boraginaceae) endemic to New Zealand, based on morphology, and description of new subspecies". Australian Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 252–304. doi:10.1071/SB20028.
  94. ^ "Pittosporum dallii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  95. ^ Orchard, A. E.; Davies, J. B. (January 1985). "Oreoporanthera, a New Zealand "endemic" plant genus discovered in Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 119: 61–63. doi:10.26749/RSTPP.119.61.
  96. ^ "Pseudowintera traversii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  97. ^ "Ranunculus mirus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  98. ^ Liew, Chia-Sin; Courtney, Shannel P.; Lange, Peter de; Pelser, Pieter B. (14 January 2021). "Taxonomic realignment of Senecio glaucophyllus (Asteraceae; Senecioneae) necessitates a new name for a widespread New Zealand species". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 59 (3): 376–396. Bibcode:2021NZJB...59..376L. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2020.1866030.
  99. ^ a b c Garnock-Jones, Philip John (6 December 2023). "Fascicle 9. Veronica". Flora of New Zealand – Seed Plants. doi:10.7931/B1CC7W.
  100. ^ Bayly, Michael James; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Mitchell, Kevin A.; Markham, Kenneth R.; Brownsey, Patrick (1 March 2001). "Description and flavonoid chemistry of Hebe calcicola (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from north-west Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 39 (1): 55–67. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39...55B. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512716.
  101. ^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Veronica ochracea". www.nzflora.info. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  102. ^ Miskelly, Colin (25 August 2023). "Birds of the Heaphy Track". Te Papa Tongarewa. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  103. ^ "Oligosoma kahurangi | NZHS". www.reptiles.org.nz. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  104. ^ Naish, Joanne (2 February 2023). "Surprising discovery of new native cricket found in Kahurangi National Park". Stuff. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  105. ^ "Newly Discovered Freshwater Snails Named after Public Figures". idw-online.de (in German). Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  106. ^ Verhaegen, Gerlien; Haase, Martin (18 January 2021). "All-inclusive descriptions of new freshwater snail taxa of the hyperdiverse family Tateidae (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda) from the South Island of New Zealand". European Journal of Taxonomy (731): 71–96. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1205. ISSN 2118-9773. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  107. ^ "Identifying conservation priorities". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  108. ^ Gee, Samantha (16 February 2017). "Preparation for 1080 drop in Kahurangi National Park". The Nelson Mail. ProQuest 1868785707.
  109. ^ "Our Mission". Motueka, New Zealand: Friends of Flora Inc. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
  110. ^ Bohny, Skara (21 August 2021). "Friends of Flora celebrate 20 years of ecological restoration". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  111. ^ "Friends of Flora Incorporation". New Zealand Trust for Conservation Volunteers. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  112. ^ "Tourism working with conservation". Motueka, New Zealand: Bush & Beyond. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012.
  113. ^ Naish, Joanne (24 October 2023). "Big funding boost helps Ōpārara River Source to Sea project". The Press. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  114. ^ Gee, Samantha (20 March 2018). "First population of takahē outside of Fiordland released into wild". Stuff. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  115. ^ "Takahē population soars past 400". Stuff. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  116. ^ Gee, Samantha (18 March 2021). "Takahē take to the skies to bolster numbers inside national park". Stuff. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  117. ^ "Whio population flying high in Kahurangi National Park". Stuff. 28 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  118. ^ "Whio locations". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  119. ^ "Kahurangi National Park". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  120. ^ Kahurangi National Park visitor information (PDF). Nelson: Department of Conservation. September 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  121. ^ Hindmarsh, Gerard (1 June 2019). "Cobb scheme still a powerhouse after 75 years". Stuff. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  122. ^ Heaphy Track brochure (PDF). Department of Conservation. December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  123. ^ Wangapeka Track route Guide (PDF). Department of Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  124. ^ "The Old Ghost Road | Official Website". oldghostroad.org.nz. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  125. ^ "The Old Ghost Road Great Ride". Ngā Haerenga New Zealand Cycle Trails. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  126. ^ a b "Cave statistics". New Zealand Speleological Society. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  127. ^ Murdoch, Helen (2 February 2014). "Southern hemisphere's deepest cave found". Stuff. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023.
  128. ^ Frankham, James (March–April 2013). "What lies beneath". New Zealand Geographic (120). Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  129. ^ "Cavers discover our deepest secret". 31 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020.
  130. ^ "Top 3 rivers to raft". Wilderness magazine. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022.
  131. ^ "3 Day Karamea". Ultimate Descents Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  132. ^ "Peter Butler: Night Tribe". RNZ. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kahurangi National Park.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahurangi_National_Park&oldid=1265264732"